{"id":755,"date":"2026-06-01T08:21:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T00:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/?p=755"},"modified":"2026-06-01T00:32:11","modified_gmt":"2026-05-31T16:32:11","slug":"functional-testing-pcb-assembly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/de\/blog\/news\/functional-testing-pcb-assembly\/","title":{"rendered":"Funktionstests bei der PCB-Best\u00fcckung: Warum elektrische Tests nicht ausreichen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eine Leiterplatte kann die elektrischen Tests bestehen und trotzdem in der realen Welt versagen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Keine Shorts.<br>Keine \u00d6ffnungen.<br>Alle Komponenten sind korrekt installiert.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Und doch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">das Produkt funktioniert immer noch nicht.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Das ist der Ort, an dem <strong>Funktionspr\u00fcfung (FCT)<\/strong> kommt herein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Im Gegensatz zu ICT- oder Flying-Probe-Tests wird bei Funktionstests gepr\u00fcft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cFunktioniert die best\u00fcckte Leiterplatte tats\u00e4chlich wie vorgesehen?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u00fcr viele Produkte ist dies der letzte Kontrollpunkt vor dem Versand.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"454\" src=\"http:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB.jpg\" alt=\"Funktionspr\u00fcfung PCB\" class=\"wp-image-756\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Was sind Funktionstests (FCT)?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bei der Funktionspr\u00fcfung wird der Betrieb der Leiterplatte unter realen oder simulierten Bedingungen \u00fcberpr\u00fcft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anstatt isolierte Schaltkreise zu pr\u00fcfen, werden diese ausgewertet:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Systemverhalten<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signalleistung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kommunikation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Einschaltsequenz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In einfachen Worten:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ICT pr\u00fcft, ob die Karte korrekt aufgebaut ist.<br>FCT pr\u00fcft, ob die Karte tats\u00e4chlich funktioniert.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Warum eine elektrische Pr\u00fcfung nicht ausreicht<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elektrische Tests sind gut geeignet, um sie zu finden:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Shorts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00f6ffnet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>falsche Bauteilwerte<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aber sie gehen oft daneben:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Firmware-Probleme<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>zeitliche Fragen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unsichere Kommunikation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sensorausf\u00e4lle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schnittstellenfehler<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eine Platine kann elektrisch korrekt sein und trotzdem nicht funktionieren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Was bei Funktionstests typischerweise \u00fcberpr\u00fcft wird<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Das genaue Verfahren h\u00e4ngt vom Produkttyp ab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typische Kontrollen sind:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Power-On-Verifizierung<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kann das Board normal starten?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schecks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Startup-Sequenz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stromschienen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bootstabilit\u00e4t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kommunikationsschnittstellen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dcberpr\u00fcfen Sie Protokolle wie z. B.:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UART<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>USB<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ethernet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CAN-Bus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SPI \/ I2C<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kommunikationsfehler sind ein h\u00e4ufiges Problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signalmessung<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Testen Sie, ob sich die Signale korrekt verhalten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beispiele:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Taktfrequenz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spannungspegel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wellenformintegrit\u00e4t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Verwandt: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/blog\/news\/controlled-impedance-pcb-design-50ohm-100ohm\/\">PCB-Design mit kontrollierter Impedanz: Wie man 50\u03a9 und 100\u03a9 erreicht<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sensor- und Peripheriefunktion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Produkte mit:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>zeigt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Motoren<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sensoren<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RF-Module<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">erfordern h\u00e4ufig Interaktionstests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Validierung der Firmware<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In eingebetteten Systemen:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Firmware-Upload<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Programmier\u00fcberpr\u00fcfung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Startverhalten<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">kann Teil der FCT sein.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" src=\"http:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-1.jpg\" alt=\"Funktionspr\u00fcfung PCB\" class=\"wp-image-757\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-1-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Funktionspr\u00fcfung vs. ICT vs. Flying Probe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Merkmal<\/th><th>ICT<\/th><th>Fliegende Sonde<\/th><th>Funktionspr\u00fcfung<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>offen\/kurz<\/td><td>ja<\/td><td>ja<\/td><td>teilweise<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Komponentenpr\u00fcfung<\/td><td>ja<\/td><td>ja<\/td><td>begrenzt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Realbetrieb<\/td><td>keine<\/td><td>keine<\/td><td>ja<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Firmware-Tests<\/td><td>keine<\/td><td>keine<\/td><td>ja<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kommunikationstest<\/td><td>keine<\/td><td>begrenzt<\/td><td>ja<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diese Methoden sind komplement\u00e4r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nicht konkurrenzf\u00e4hig.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dcberblick: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/blog\/news\/ict-vs-flying-probe-pcb-testing\/\">ICT vs. Flying Probe Testing: Welcher PCB-Test ist besser?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arten von Funktionstests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Manuelle Funktionspr\u00fcfung<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Der Bediener f\u00fchrt aus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>visuelle Best\u00e4tigung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tastenpr\u00fcfung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>grundlegende \u00dcberpr\u00fcfung<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geeignet f\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prototypen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>geringe Lautst\u00e4rke<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Automatisierte Funktionspr\u00fcfung<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Verwendet spezielle Vorrichtungen und Software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vorteile:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wiederholbarkeit<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>schnellerer Durchsatz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>geringere Bedienerfehler<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bevorzugt f\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Produktionsumgebungen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Funktionelle Umweltpr\u00fcfungen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Leiterplatte l\u00e4uft unter Bedingungen wie:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Temperaturschwankung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vibration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lange Betriebsdauer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00e4ufig verwendet f\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Automobil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Luft- und Raumfahrt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Industrieelektronik<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wann ist ein Funktionstest notwendig?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nicht jede Leiterplatte erfordert dies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gew\u00f6hnlich empfohlen f\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Intelligente \/ eingebettete Produkte<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Produkte mit:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>MCU<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Firmware<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Software-Interaktion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kommunikationsger\u00e4te<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Produkte verwenden:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Funkmodule<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Netzwerkkommunikation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sicherheitskritische Systeme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Einschlie\u00dflich:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Automobil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>medizinisch<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>industrielle Steuerungen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hochwertige Produkte<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wenn die Ausfallkosten hoch sind:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">zus\u00e4tzliche Tests lohnenswert sind.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wie man eine Leiterplatte f\u00fcr bessere Funktionstests entwirft<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-how-to wp-block-yoast-how-to-block\"><p class=\"schema-how-to-description\">Tests sollten bei der Planung ber\u00fccksichtigt werden.<\/p> <ol class=\"schema-how-to-steps\"><li class=\"schema-how-to-step\" id=\"how-to-step-1780244693665\"><strong class=\"schema-how-to-step-name\">1. Debug-Schnittstellen hinzuf\u00fcgen<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-how-to-step-text\">Umfasst den Zugang zu:<br\/>. UART<br\/>. JTAG<br\/>Programmierkopfzeilen<\/p> <\/li><li class=\"schema-how-to-step\" id=\"how-to-step-1780244716211\"><strong class=\"schema-how-to-step-name\">2. Testmodi fr\u00fchzeitig planen<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-how-to-step-text\">Firmware sollte unterst\u00fctzen:<br\/>. Diagnose-Modus<br\/>. Selbsttest-Modus<\/p> <\/li><li class=\"schema-how-to-step\" id=\"how-to-step-1780244738463\"><strong class=\"schema-how-to-step-name\">3. Testpunkte einbeziehen<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-how-to-step-text\">Hilft bei der Signalmessung.<\/p> <\/li><li class=\"schema-how-to-step\" id=\"how-to-step-1780244743545\"><strong class=\"schema-how-to-step-name\">4. Entwurf kundenspezifischer Vorrichtungen, falls erforderlich<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-how-to-step-text\">F\u00fcr die Produktion:<br\/>. Pogo-Pin-Befestigungen<br\/>. automatische Schnittstellen<br\/>kann die Effizienz verbessern.<\/p> <\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u00e4ufige Fehler bei Funktionstests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typische Probleme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00dcberspringen der Firmware-Validierung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>die sich nur auf IKT st\u00fctzen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tests zu sp\u00e4t in der Entwicklung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>schlechtes Design der Vorrichtungen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>kein System zur Fehlerprotokollierung<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Funktionstests funktionieren am besten, wenn sie fr\u00fchzeitig geplant werden.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"451\" src=\"http:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-2.jpg\" alt=\"Funktionspr\u00fcfung PCB\" class=\"wp-image-758\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-2.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-2-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.han-sphere.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Functional-Testing-PCB-2-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Praktische Hinweise aus der realen Produktion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Was normalerweise passiert:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prototypen beruhen auf manuellen Funktionstests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verlagerung der Produktion auf automatisierte Vorrichtungen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kommunikationsm\u00e4ngel sind h\u00e4ufige FCT-Ergebnisse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Firmware-bezogene Probleme \u00fcberstehen oft die elektrische Pr\u00fcfung<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Viele \u201czuf\u00e4llige Feldausf\u00e4lle\u201d sind in Wirklichkeit funktionelle Probleme, die w\u00e4hrend der Produktion \u00fcbersehen wurden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Schlussfolgerung<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Funktionstests schlie\u00dfen die L\u00fccke zwischen elektrischer \u00dcberpr\u00fcfung und realem Betrieb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W\u00e4hrend ICT und Flying Probe Testing die elektrische Korrektheit sicherstellen, best\u00e4tigt FCT, dass die Leiterplatte tats\u00e4chlich wie vorgesehen funktioniert. Bei Produkten mit Firmware, Kommunikation oder komplexer Funktionalit\u00e4t sind Funktionstests f\u00fcr die Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit und Qualit\u00e4tskontrolle oft unerl\u00e4sslich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FAQ<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1780244801677\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">F: Was ist eine Funktionspr\u00fcfung bei der Leiterplattenbest\u00fcckung?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A: Es wird \u00fcberpr\u00fcft, ob die best\u00fcckte Leiterplatte unter realen Betriebsbedingungen tats\u00e4chlich funktioniert.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1780244812167\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">F: Wie unterscheiden sich funktionale Tests von ICT?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A: ICT pr\u00fcft die elektrische Korrektheit, w\u00e4hrend Funktionstests den Betrieb des Systems \u00fcberpr\u00fcfen.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1780244823098\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">F: Ist eine Funktionspr\u00fcfung f\u00fcr alle Leiterplatten erforderlich?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A: Nein, aber f\u00fcr eingebettete, Kommunikations- und hochzuverl\u00e4ssige Produkte wird es dringend empfohlen.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1780244836615\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">F: Kann ein PCB ICT bestehen und trotzdem durch FCT fallen?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A: Ja. Es k\u00f6nnen noch Firmware- oder Kommunikationsprobleme bestehen.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1780244849121\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">F: Wann werden Funktionstests durchgef\u00fchrt?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A: In der Regel nach der Montage und der elektrischen Pr\u00fcfung, vor dem Versand.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Functional testing (FCT) verifies whether a PCB assembly actually performs its intended function. Unlike ICT or flying probe testing, FCT simulates real operating conditions to identify hidden defects and improve product reliability. This article explains how functional testing works and when it becomes necessary.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":759,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[66],"class_list":["post-755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-functional-testing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Functional Testing in PCB Assembly: Why Electrical Testing Is Not Enough<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"how functional 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